Agricultural Soils Are Efficient Ice Nucleating Particles in the Southern Great Plains

The Science

Ice nucleating particles (INPs) are a rare subset of particles that can have an outsized impact on weather and clouds by initiating the process of ice formation in clouds. Cloud ice plays an important role in the formation of precipitation as well as in changing the amount of sunlight clouds reflect to space and the amount of heat trapped by clouds. INP efficiency can vary widely by particle type, and thus can be important to represent even rare particle types in atmospheric models, if they are strong INPs. Agricultural soils are hypothesized to be an important source of INPs on a regional scale due to their high ice nucleation efficiency and high emissions in areas with large agricultural activity. Researchers measured INP composition at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) atmospheric observatory near Billings, Oklahoma, by first nucleating INPs into ice crystals within a continuous flow diffusion chamber, separating them inertially with a virtual impactor, and characterizing them using single particle techniques. This methodology enabled the researchers to identify sources of INPs, along with the physicochemical properties that make these particles effective ice nucleators.

The Impact

Understanding the sources of INPs is difficult due to the rarity of these particles, which makes characterizing them technically difficult. Many studies have used simple correlations between particle tracers and INP concentrations to understand important sources of INPs. However, this approach is limited because it neither proves that the particles are acting as INPs, nor does it provide insight into the physicochemical properties controlling ice nucleation. To overcome this weakness, this study used the technically challenging “residual method” to directly measure the composition of INP_-32 at SGP. Researchers found that while ambient particles were made up primarily of carbon-containing materials, about a quarter of INPs were dust particles made up mostly of minerals—even though dust particles made up only 6% of the total particle population. Additionally, dust INPs were more likely to contain phosphates, a marker for agricultural soils, suggesting that these were likely windblown dusts from the surrounding agricultural areas. This study highlights the importance of agricultural soils to INP populations in agricultural regions such as the Great Plains. Future research should apply the residual method to better understand the sources and physicochemical properties of INPs in other regions.

Summary

INPs are a rare subset of atmospheric aerosol that can initiate ice formation in clouds. There is a significant gap between scientists’ ability to measure INPs and to predict their concentrations and variability in large-scale weather and climate models. This is partly because of the wide variation in the ice nucleation efficiency of different particle types. As a result, even low-abundance particle types need to be represented in global climate models if their ice nucleation efficiency is high enough.

Understanding the sources of INPs in different regions is difficult, partly because their rarity makes it difficult to observe and identify them directly in the atmosphere. Traditional methods of measuring aerosol composition can provide information on the size and composition of the overall particle population. INPs, however, can be as rare as one particle in one million, and they can have properties that are distinctly different from the majority of particles in the air. Because of this, it is challenging to determine the identities of INPs in field experiments when using traditional measurement methods. To address this challenge, researchers utilized the technically challenging “residual method” to directly measure INP composition at SGP. In this approach, individual INPs are separated from the total particle population, and their size and composition is measured with highly sensitive, specialized methods. Using this method, researchers observed that ambient particles were dominated by carbonaceous and secondary aerosol, while dust was the most efficient INP type. They also observed a novel mixed particle type consisting of a smooth carbonaceous core (like a tar ball) internally mixed with dust fragments. Dust INPs were enriched in phosphate, which is a good marker for agricultural soils, indicating that these windblown agricultural dusts may be an important source of INPs in the region. However, researchers were unable to distinguish whether this phosphate originated from natural microbial activity, or from the application of phosphate-containing fertilizers. Future research should investigate the ice nucleation efficiency of soils before and after fertilizer application to determine whether fertilizers may be partly responsible for the high ice nucleation efficiency of agricultural soils.

PNNL Contact

Susannah Burrows, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, susannah.burrows@pnnl.gov

Funding

This research was supported by the Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research program through the Early Career Research Program. This research was supported by the Atmospheric Radiation Management user facility, a DOE Office of Science user facility managed by the Biological and Environmental Research program. A portion of this research was performed using resources at the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, which is a DOE Office of Science user facility sponsored by the Biological and Environmental Research program.